Organısatıons As System
12 Temmuz 2007
ORGANISATIONS AS SYSTEM
System concept has widely meaning. As a simple; system is a collection of interrelated parts which form some whole. Typical system ara the “solar system”, “human body”, “communication network” and “social systems”
System concept has a structure, when we mentioned about economic or business of system; firstly we mention structuer. So some researchers define the system as a “whole” this whole sometimes is called “total system”, sometimes is called “whole system”.
Structure of system are very important. Because, when we handle system as a whole, which has possibility of comparison with same system
A system may became chronic during time, and we must renovate it, thus this result can be explained with these comparison.
System may be “closed” or “open” closed systems are those, which, for all practical purposes, are completely self-supporting, and thus “ do not interact with their environment” open system are those which “do interact with their environment”, social system (organizations) are always open systems, as are “biological system” and “information system”
A basic model of an open system can be shown diagrammatically as follows
Ä°nputs
———–Ã
environment
CONVERSION
Outputs
———–Ã
Environment
The three major characteristics of open systems are;
* They receive inputs or energy from environment
* They convert these inputs into outputs
* They discharge their outputs into their environment.
In relation to an organization, the “inputs” include people, materials, informations, and finance. These inputs are organized and activated so as to convert human skills and row materials into products, services and other outputs which are discharged into the environment..
ENVIRONMENTS
INPUTS
CONVERSION
OUTPUTS
A system occurs some functions which is called “sub-systems” for example, when we handle a business as a system, marketing, personel, financial, production departments are called sub-systems.
The boundiries between sub-systems are called “interfaces”. These are the sensitive internal boundiries contained within the total system , and they will be referred to again shortly
In such system it is also easy to identiy boundiries between the total system and its sub-systems. For example; the gearbox of a motor vehicle is a clearly recognazible sub-unit of the whole vehicle. Other example; cardio-vascular system in the human bosy is a recognazible sub-system of the whole body.
The boundaries of an organizations are not visible, for the boundaries of a social system are based on relationship and not on things. Thus while certain factual elements, such as “physical location” ,do have some impact on an organization’s boundaries, it is results of management where the organizations ends and the environment begins.
Boundaries managemet is becoming increasingly recognized that boundary management is of vital impportance to the effective of these in managerial and supervisory roles.
Boundary management means establishing and maintaining effective relationship with colleagues working in neighboring sub-systems.
Organizations are always open system that means they do interact to their environment . but some sub-system of the organizations tend to “closed system” for example; production sub-system, accounting sub-systems because they are relatively self-contained and are effected in ways which are usually predictable. But these tendency are not 100 % . for example 40 % of the production sub-system tend to open system on the other hand the remainder tend to closed system.
CLOSED SYSTEM
OPEN SYSTEM
Are required for stabilility and consistency
Are designed for efficieny
Are required for unstable and uncertain conditions
Are designed for survival
KATZ & KAHN
One of the most useful attempts to summarize the copmlexities of organizations as “open system” has been that of two American academics; Katz and Kahn
They identified the common characteristics of such open systems as follows
A) Importation of energey and stimulation; People and material
B) Conversion; processing of materials, organizing of work activities
C) Output; products or services
D) Cyclic Nature; the returns from marketing the output enable further inputs to be made to complete the cyclic of production.
E) Negative Entropy; entropy explains the tendenc of the system. According to this concept, if a system has some disturbance, at the and of the a long time some activities tends to be over or stopping activities. Entropy exist all the system.
Open system may prevent the effects of tendency, because open systems do interact by taking information, energy and materials from their environment. Because of this, stopping and removing the effects of entropy in an open system is called “negative entropy” i.e: firms building up their reserves..
F ) Feedback; we can explain feedback as a sample. 0 (zero) envanter level of a big story indicate to more demand of consumer and increasing the quantity of reversed standarts.
We can give an other example; a manager who determined own company profit as a 20 % of a specific date. But the end of the specific time the company profit over the 20 % in this case , the manager donÂ’t want to edit from their officers for these differences of profit.
G) Steady State; this refers to the balance to be maintained between inputs flowing in from the external environment and the correspoding outpus returning to it. An organizational in steady state is not static, but in a dynamic form of equilibrium..
H) Differentation; the tendency to greater specializations of functions and multiplicity of roles.
J) Equifinality; this word was coined by an early systems theorist Von Bertalanffy,1960. It means that the open system do not have to achieve their goal in one particular way. Similar ends can be achieved by different pats and from adifferent starting paint
The revised model shows us the consegvences of the outputs as information and results.the information can take many forms example: sales volumes ,nev onders,market share,customer complaints.
The information can be applied to control inputs and conversion processes as appropriate.the rasults are the revenves and profrts which are fed back into . The organization to provide further inputs , and so ensure the survival and growth of the system.
APPROACH SYSTEM TO MANAGEMENT
System approach to management assist to manager or administrator, the solving problems and complex system of organizations.
The fundamental idea of system approach in organizations based on members of organizations or relationship among sub-systems. This approach begins determining the targets and condense to focal point as the designing of items of the whole. The reasons of this “cybernetic system”
The term “cybernetics” in this context means the study of control and communication in the animal and machine. Cybernetics was made famous by Novert Wiener in the late 1940’ s, but is stil very much a developing science. The essence of a cybernetic system is self-regulation on the basis of feedback information to disclose a shortfall in performence against standarts and to indicate corrective action.
Shortly, cybernrtic, the whole greater than other component at totally of the whole. If every items of compoment move a single, productivity will decrase.
WHAT ARE THE REASONS OF SYSTEM APPROACH TO MANAGAMENT
There are two main reason for system approach to management
1) Organizational structure becoming more complicated is the first reason. These complications is reasoned by following
Development in technology
Arising relationship between organizations and environment
Decrasing the differantation of productions and existence of marketing
2) New developments in the management area is second reason. These development are following
Informations- feedback theory
Advanced decision-making process
Developments of the techniques of management science
The machines of the electronic information and data
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