Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
12 Temmuz 2007
MUSTAFA KEMAL ATATÜRK
1881 - 1938
“There are two Mustafa Kemals. One the flesh-and-blood Mustafa Kemal who now stands before you and who will pass away. the other is you, all of you here who will go tothe far corners of our land to spread the ideals which must be defended with your lives if necessary. I stand for the nation’s dreams, and my life’s work is to make them come true.” Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal (1881-1938), Turkish soldier, nationalist leader, and statesman, who founded the republic of Turkey and was its first president (1923-1938). The name Atatürk means (Father Turk). Atatürk was born on March 12, 1881, in Salonika (now Thessaloníki, Greece),. His father Ali Riza died when Mustafa was still a boy His mother Zubeyde, adevout and strong-willed woman, raised him and his sister. When Atatürk was 12 years old, he went to military schools in Salonika and Monastir, centres of anti-Turkish Greek and Slavic nationalism. In 1899 he attended the military academy in İstanbul, graduating as staff captain in January 1905.
Because of his activities in the secret Young Turk movement against the autocratic government of the Ottoman Empire, of which Turkey was the central part, Atatürk was posted to Syria, in virtual exile. There he founded the secret Fatherland and Freedom Society (1906). Transferred to Salonika the following year, he joined the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) that carried out the Young Turk revolution in July 1908. He was not, however, in the inner circle of the CUP and therefore played no role in the actual revolution.
Atatürk fought (1911-1912) in Libya against Italy and was promoted to major in November 1911. He organized the defence of the Dardanelles during the Balkan Wars (1912-1913) and was military attaché in Bulgaria in October 1913. During World War I, in which Turkey sided with Germany, Atatürk made his military reputation in the Gallipoli Campaign(1915), where he played a crucial role in repelling the Allied invasion. He then served in the Caucasus and Syria, where he was given command of a special army group just before the armistice was signed in October 1918. Returning to Istanbul, he watched in anxiety as the victorious Allied powers prepared to partition Anatolia.
A Greek army occupied Izmir on the Anatolian coast on May 15, 1919, conducting massacres of the local population. Atatürk, who had been appointed inspector of the Third Army in Anatolia, reached Samsun on May 19. He immediately set about uniting the Turkish national movement and creating an army for defence. First, however, the nationalists had to wage a struggle against the Ottoman sultan’s regime in Istanbul, which seemed willing to allow the dismemberment of the national territory. By 1920 the Istanbul government had been discredited for acquiescing to the Allied occupation of the capital and signing the Treaty of Sèvres, which recognized Greek control over parts of Anatolia. Atatürk, meanwhile, had set up a provisional government in Ankara in April 1920. After initial setbacks, he won decisive battles against Greek forces at Sakarya (August 1921) and Dumlupinar (August 1922), reoccupying Izmir in September
Atatürk created a modern and secular state, using his great prestige and charisma to introduce a vast programme of reforms. These included abolishing the caliphate, which embodied the religious authority of the sultans, and all other Islamic institutions; introducing Western law codes, dress, and calendar; using the Latin alphabet; and removing (1928) the constitutional provision naming Islam as the state religion. By 1931 the ideology of the regime, known as Kemalism or Atatürkism, was articulated and defined by six principles: republicanism, nationalism, populism, statism, secularism, and revolutionism. In 1919 Atatürk had been first among equals, but by 1926 he had eliminated all political rivals, using an alleged assassination conspiracy as the excuse. Thereafter, although he ruled as an autocrat, his regime was in fact based on an alliance of the civil and military bureaucracy, the newly developed bourgeoisie, and the landowners.
Atatürk’s principal aim had been to save his people from humiliation and to transform Turkey into a modern, 20th-century nation. He pursued this aim with total determination and political finesse. Perhaps his most essential trait was his political realism; it enabled him to carry out his reforms without disastrous adventures and allowed Turkey to live at peace with its neighbours. Atatürk died in Istanbul on November 10, 1938
JANE EYRE (CHORLETTE BRONTE) (1847)
THE PLOT
JANE EYRE is the story of an orphan girl. The story begins with her life in her uncles house. In the book, the first important event is the death of her uncle. After this event, she becomes more lonely and hopeless. She suffers a lot after the death of her uncle. Jane is treated badly by her aunt and her cousins. Later her bad- hearted aunt sends her to a dreadful school called LOWOOD. It is a boarding school for orphans. Her life at that school takes a large part of the book . Jane, again, suffers a lot at that school and she feels herself so lonely. But at least there are two persons who treat kindly to her. One of them is Helen BURNS who is a student older than Jane. And the other is Miss TEMPLE who is a teacher.
After graduating from the school, Jane finds a job and this is the most important event in her life. She becomes a governess at Thornfield Hall, teaching the daughter-in-law of Mr. Rochester. At that part of the book the life of Jane becomes more endurable when compared with her life at Lowood or her life in her aunts house. She becomes happy at Thornfield Hall. She earns her money and lives comfortably there. But more importantly she becomes an independent woman. Having a job is her only solution to be happy because she is a lonely woman. She is an orphan. There is nobody to help her. No parents, no relatives… So she must work and earn her living by herself. She has no other choice. And at Thornfield Hall Jane has this opportunity of changing her life , changing her destiny. Therefore, the climax of the book occurs at that part, when she comes to the house of Mr. Rochester.
At Thornfield Hall Jane falls in love with her employer, Mr. Rochester. And again the problems begin. Because she suffers a lot because of her love. The reason is Mr. Rochesters mysterious character. He never talks too much and he is very silent. He has some secrets in his life which Jane learns after. All these characteristics frighten Jane but she learns that Mr. Rochester also loves her too. They decided to marry but Jane finds out that he is already married with a mad woman called Bertha. This is another climax of the novel. Bertha stays at the upper floors of Thornfield Hall, that is why nobody, except some servants, had never seen her before.
After learning this event ,Jane leaves the house unwillingly and finds her cousins by chance and she learns that one of her relatives had died and her fortune is left to Jane. As we see, the novel is full of climaxes and turning points. She becomes rich and independent. After that event, one of her cousins called Priest St John Rivers proposes marriage to Jane but she refuses his proposal. Because she still loves Mr. Rochester. Then she returns her love again but when she arrives to the Thornfield Hall another crisis happens.
She sees that Thornfield Hall has burned down and Mr. Rochester has been blinded while trying to save his wife. After the death of wife, Jane can now marry with her lover. But now everything will be different because Jane is not the same girl at the beginning. Also her lover now depends to her. The roles change. This changing of roles makes the novel interesting. The novel ends happily. They marry and Mr. Rochester becomes healthy.
SETTING
JANE EYRE is written in 1847 by Charlotte Bronte. And the time of the novel is the 19th century. The novel takes place in England and location is a large city of England. The season is regularly winter or autumn because of that, weather is always cold, rainy or snowy. That gives this novel a dark atmosphere. The weather is so cold that once the water in the jugs was frozen in the boarding school. The weather is wild and hostile and the world is indifferent to Jane and also to the other people. There is a parallelism between the weather and the theme of the book. Because the weather reflects the mood of the novel and of the characters. The mood is dark, dim, and pessimistic like the weather .
CHARACTERS
The protagonist of the novel is no doubt Jane Eyre herself. Her employer and her lover Mr. Edward Rochester is also a major figure of the novel. The other characters of the book, like Janes aunt, her cousins, Helen Burns and Miss Temple are all foil characters.
Jane Eyre has proud manners. She is too proud that she never gives up struggling in her life. She is treated too badly in her aunts house and in the boarding school but she never pities her self and she continue to love and trust people. Independence is also her main property. She earns her living and she always stands on her own feet.
Other important characteristic of Jane Eyre is being very patient. She was an orphan and therefore her childhood passed with troubles and miseries. She is treated very badly by her aunt and by her cousins. Also, the people at the boarding school, Lowood , ill treated to her. She was lonely throughout her childhood. She didnt have anyone to love and protect her. But she managed to endure all these bad things in her life. I think, her patience and her strong character helped her to endure all these things. All these examples show that she is also a struggler in her life. Because she endures hardships, poverty, loneliness, and misbehavior.
Jane is also a fearless woman. She resists her aunt and her cousins fearlessly.
Shortly, Jane Eyre is a strong woman. She had a hard and lonely life but she never gave up struggling because she is patient, strong and brave.
The other major character of the book is Mr. Edward Rochester(the employer of Jane). First of all, he seems like a mysterious man. Because, he never talks too much. Unlike the others, he treats Jane with justice and he is also very kind to her. But at the same time, he is Janes employer because of this he is also cold to Jane. Mr. Rochesters and Janes biggest similarity is their loneliness. He has many friends but it seems like he is not very happy with those friends. Maybe his friends love his money, not him. And I think he knows this. So he is as lonely as Jane.
Janes aunt (Mrs. Reed) is an illmannered and badhearted character. She was always cruel to Jane but she wants to seem friendly to her. She treated her children kindly however she didnt show the same justice to Jane. But she is not a major character in the book.
Janes cousins John, Elisa and George Reed are also as merciless as their mother. They are not compassionate to other people around them. They are full of hate and they are spoiled children. They are cruel and crude, especially John Reed. He is the worst of them. He was also very ugly (to Jane). Despite being fat, he is unhealthy. And all these characteristics and physical qualities of John make him seem very apathetic.
Helen Burns, Janes friend at the orphanage, is a good character in the book. In spite of being friendly, intelligent and logical, she is careless and untidy. She is older than Jane however she is good to her. Because of this Helen is Janes best friend.
There is another character who treated Jane with justice. Her name is Miss Temple. She was the school superintendent. She was full of love and she was generous.
Helen and Miss Temple had a very important place in Janes life because kindness, love and affection were the things that Jane lacked throughout her life and they were the persons who gave those things to Jane.
CHARACTER ANALYSIS (COMPORISON OF TWO CHARACTERS)
In Janes life two men take an important place. They are Mr. Rochester and Priest St. John Rivers, her cousin. Both men wants to marry her but with a difference. Mr. Rochester loves Jane. However, St. Rivers wants to marry Jane only because of her good-heartedness. For example, he says to Jane :
God and Nature intended you for a missionarys life. You are formed for labour, not for love. A missionarys wife you must, you shall be. You shall be mine. I claim you for the service of God( p. 133) .
Here, as we see he is not in love with Jane. After discovering Janes love to Mr. Rochester, he criticizes Jane by saying that :
The passion that you are keeping alive is unlawful and unholy (p. 133).
However, St. Rivers is a good-hearted man. He spends a great deal of his time in visiting the sick and poor. This was one of his priestly duties, says Jane in page 120. He is as lonely as Mr. Rochester. This is maybe the only similarity between the two men. And because of their lonely nature these two men seem mysterious, cold and calm.
But throughout the end of the book we all discover that Mr. Rochester is not as cold as he seems because we understand that he is full of affection. However, St Rivers is as cold as an ice. He is like the weather that surrounds his country. His feelings are frozen. Yes, he is good-hearted, helps the poor and the sick but as Jane says, these are his priestly duties. He behaves like a robot which is controlled by God. Other things in his life like love is far away from him. He is doing what his master says to him. Shortly he is not living his life.
When I compare these two men, I prefer Mr. Rochester. He has more positive characteristics. And I think, this is why Jane prefers Mr. Rochester, too.
THEME
JANE EYRE is the story of an orphan girl who struggles a lot in her life and finally reaches success. The novel tells us the importance of being strong, patient and ambitious like Jane. Her life and her character can be a good example for us to understand the difficulties of life. The book also shows us the importance of struggling. We learn that without struggling we cant reach our goals.
If we relate the book in our daily lives, the reality of the book doesnt change a lot. Because the realities of the book are the realities of the world. There have been always bad-hearted people (like Janes aunt) and there have always been bad institutions (like Janes school). From the beginning of the world people has to fight alone in order to achieve his/her aims. So these realities still exist. Therefore time and place do not change the idea a lot. These things can only effect the atmosphere and hold the story. Shortly if we relate the book in our times, there wont be any important change except some details.
EVALUATION
I like the book because it tells that you cannot be successful without struggling. If you do not fight, you cannot get what you want. Jane was poor and lonely but she wasnt weak. She was strong. She struggles to change all the bad things in her life and she finally reaches success. Also patience is another good characteristic of Jane which helps her to reach her dreams. Her patience is one of the things which made her win. She is not a loser all through her life and I think everyone has got something to learn from Jane. The book hold my interest because it is an adventurous novel. I read the book with excitement. Also there is an happy ending and that makes the book satisfactory ,I believe. But, in my opinion, the writer of the book could make the book more satisfactory by making it more adventurous. For example, if I were the writer, I would make the two men came face to face. If they see themselves, there would be a competition between them. And this would make the book more interesting and exciting. If I were the writer I would make them fight for Jane with guns or swords, like a duel. This fighting would add to the novel an action. And this will make the reader excited.
If the book was written in our times, I would make the two men race with cars in order to win the love of Jane.
But I liked the book and I recommend it to everybody. Because we learn lots of good things from this book like: The power of love and friendship and the importance of struggling.
Kategori: Genel kültür